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Abstract Although plastid genome (plastome) structure is highly conserved across most seed plants, investigations during the past two decades have revealed several disparately related lineages that experienced substantial rearrangements. Most plastomes contain a large inverted repeat and two single‐copy regions, and a few dispersed repeats; however, the plastomes of some taxa harbour long repeat sequences (>300 bp). These long repeats make it challenging to assemble complete plastomes using short‐read data, leading to misassemblies and consensus sequences with spurious rearrangements. Single‐molecule, long‐read sequencing has the potential to overcome these challenges, yet there is no consensus on the most effective method for accurately assembling plastomes using long‐read data. We generated a pipeline,plastidGenomeAssemblyUsingLong‐read data (ptGAUL), to address the problem of plastome assembly using long‐read data from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) or Pacific Biosciences platforms. We demonstrated the efficacy of the ptGAUL pipeline using 16 published long‐read data sets. We showed that ptGAUL quickly produces accurate and unbiased assemblies using only ~50× coverage of plastome data. Additionally, we deployed ptGAUL to assemble four newJuncus(Juncaceae) plastomes using ONT long reads. Our results revealed many long repeats and rearrangements inJuncusplastomes compared with basal lineages of Poales. The ptGAUL pipeline is available on GitHub:https://github.com/Bean061/ptgaul. 

Abstract The G‐protein complex is a cytoplasmic on–off molecular switch that is set by plasma membrane receptors that activate upon binding of its cognate extracellular agonist. In animals, the default setting is the “off” resting state, while in plants, the default state is constitutively “on” but repressed by a plasma membrane receptor‐like protein. De‐repression appears to involve specific phosphorylation of key elements of the G‐protein complex and possibly target proteins that are positioned downstream of this complex. To address this possibility, protein abundance and phosphorylation state are quantified in wild type and G‐protein deficient Arabidopsis roots in the unstimulated resting state. A total of 3246 phosphorylated and 8141 non‐modified protein groups are identified. It has been found that 428 phosphorylation sites decrease and 509 sites increase in abundance in the G‐protein quadrupole mutant lacking an operable G‐protein‐complex. Kinases with known roles in G‐protein signaling including MAP KINASE 6 and FERONIA are differentially phosphorylated along with many other proteins now implicated in the control of G‐protein signaling. Taken together, these datasets will enable the discovery of novel proteins and biological processes dependent on G‐protein signaling.